Urgent care (Terem / your Kupah's Moked) can often save an ER trip. Bring your Kupat Cholim card; there is a fee, not reimbursed unless you were sent with a Hafnaya (referral). If they can't resolve it, their Hafnaya generally covers the ER treatment.

Ambulance billing: if you are not admitted to the hospital you will be charged (24-hr ER observation usually doesn't count as admittance). If admitted, submit the ambulance bill plus discharge papers to your Kupat Cholim for reimbursement.

Going straight to the ER: you only need your Teudat Zehut (or the number) to open a file. Without a referral you may be charged unless it's an automatically exempt crisis (work injury, road accident, school accident, fracture, foreign object in eye, joint dislocation, stitches — full list at health.gov.il).

Rockets & earthquakes: Pikud Ha'Oref (Home Front Command) — oref.org.il — publishes guidance, the alert app, and an English preparedness pamphlet. Sirens mean seek shelter now.